Cocaine and amphetamine can lead to what type of physical change when abused?

Cocaine and amphetamine abuse is associated with notable changes in brain structure. Both substances are stimulants that affect neurotransmitter systems, particularly those involving dopamine and norepinephrine. Chronic use can lead to alterations in the brain's reward pathways and can impact regions responsible for decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation.

These neurochemical changes can result in physical changes to neurons and their connections, often manifesting as structural brain adaptations. Studies have shown that long-term use of stimulants can decrease the volume of certain brain areas and can even lead to loss of grey matter. This can significantly affect cognitive functions and overall mental health.

In contrast, weight gain is typically not associated with these stimulants; users often experience weight loss due to appetite suppression. Increased muscle mass is also unlikely as these substances generally do not promote physical growth like anabolic steroids might. Furthermore, these drugs usually elevate heart rate rather than decrease it, aligning with their stimulating effects on the central nervous system.